catholic homes for unwed mothers

Financials, Impact If you donate just $5.00, the price of your coffee, Catholic Online School could keep thriving. The whole tragic story has thrust a shadowy period of the country's history into the American consciousness. We become their family; we're restoring them, healing them. Mrs. Corless was keen that a memorial with the childrens names should be erected. [13][14] Though these women had committed no crime and had never been put on trial, their indefinite incarceration was enforced by locked doors, iron gates and prison guards in the form of apathetic sisters. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. In this later phase, we know the laundries lost their association with sex out of wedlock. (function($) {window.fnames = new Array(); window.ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[3]='MMERGE3';ftypes[3]='text';fnames[1]='FNAME';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='LNAME';ftypes[2]='text';fnames[4]='MMERGE4';ftypes[4]='text';fnames[5]='MMERGE5';ftypes[5]='text';fnames[6]='MMERGE6';ftypes[6]='number';fnames[7]='MMERGE7';ftypes[7]='radio';}(jQuery));var $mcj = jQuery.noConflict(true); Does ChatGPT get Catholics? Homelessness is extremely traumatic for young families, often leading to serious and lifelong effects for the child and the parent. [12] According to Finnegan, as the motivations started to shift from a need to maintain social and moral order within the bounds of patriarchal structure to a desire to continue profiting from a free workforce, Magdalen laundries became a part of a large structure of suppression.[12]. Sign up to receive a weekly email with news, analysis, and commentary from a voice you can trust! In 1981 DiFiore decided to offer her home as a shelter for pregnant women who were seeking an alternative to abortion. They also operates a 24 hour 1-800-NO-ABORT hotline for pregnant women and numerous informative websites including www.thechoicegame.com in which the player realizes the consequences of the choices including such topics as promiscuity, drinking, abortion or leading a chaste lifestyle before making such decisions in real life. To enforce order and maintain a monastic atmosphere, the inmates were required to observe strict silence for much of the day. In the years before 1960, it said, mother-and-baby homes did not save the lives of "illegitimate" children instead, they significantly reduced prospects of their survival. About 44% of young women and 18% of young men, ages 18-25, who face homelessness report being a parent or pregnant. 4. Mistakes will obviously be made from time to time, but when a whole plethora of various serious mistakes are made in the one story, and Im not just talking about AP here, then weve got a problem.. Some 9,000 children died in Ireland's church-run homes for unwed mothers, a government report published on Tuesday found. We're not salespeople, but we depend on donations averaging $14.76 and fewer than 1% of readers give. 714 McBride Street Home for unwed mothers 1967. Why is there such a willingness to believe the very worst about Catholic Ireland? The homes, many run by nuns and members of the Roman Catholic Church, operated in Ireland for most of the 20th century, with the last home closing as recently as 1998. Yes, there was a shockingly high infant mortality rate in the Tuam mother and baby home run by the Bon Secours congregation of nuns. Volunteers This is equivalent to 15 percent of all children who were born or lived in the 18 institutions investigated over nearly 80 years. Andrea Parrot and Nina Cummings wrote, "The cost of violence, oppression, and brutalization of women is enormous" and in their struggle to survive, the inmates suffered not only physically, but spiritually and emotionally. 941-485-6264 941-488-2289 Sharladene.senko@catholiccharitiesdov.org Address: P. O. Now, the homes are a byword for a dark chapter in the nation's history, say Irish politicians and survivors. Upcoming Events "[13][14] And as this concept of "fallen" expanded, so did the facilities, in both physical size and role in society. A 2013 report made by an inter-departmental committee chaired by Senator Martin McAleese found no evidence of unmarried women giving birth in the asylum. Saint of the Day for Saturday, March 4th, 2023, First Station: Jesus is condemned to death. The Associated Press has issued a correction to earlier stories which included claims that were demonstrably untrue. For Peter Costello, chief librarian at the Catholic Central Library in Dublin, its not credible to present the facts of the Tuam case as if they were unknown until this point. . [26] Due to the religious institutes' "policy of secrecy", their penitent registers and convent annals remain closed to this day, despite repeated requests for information. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, Copyright 2022 Catholic Online. Check out this Jesuit/Dominican rap battle, Report: Wave of murders after elections in Nigeria forces Catholic diocese staff to evacuate, Portuguese bishops announce steps to end sexual abuse in the Church, Aid to the Church in Need greatly concerned about Nicaraguan bishop sentenced to prison, VII did indeed open the Church's windows to the world - and the cultural winds of the world then rushed, I dont like arguments that are framed as generational warfare, because this falls into the psychological trap of the new-pagan-propaganda,, I agree with Chapp here: "A de facto practical atheism undergirds all of our major institutions and molds the plausibility, Hey, Millennial: Its time to get a clue about Vatican II, Pope Francis Interview with Spanish magazine, La Vanguardia [Full text]. Hi readers, it seems you use Catholic Online a lot; that's great! [citation needed], The Magdalene Sisters, a 2002 film by Peter Mullan, is centered on four young women incarcerated in a Dublin Magdalen Laundry from 1964 to 1968. "One hard truth in all of this, is that all of society was complicit in it," he added. South Bend, IN: The University of Notre Dame Press, 2007 138140, Official Selection: Full Frame Documentary Shorts Collections: Vol. Film Fest New Haven documentary short award, 2003; Spirit of Moondance Award, Moon Dance Film Festival 2003; Irish Journey by Halliday Sutherland, Geoffrey Bles, 1956, Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, "Irish Church's Forgotten Victims Take Case to U.N.", "Magdalene compensation snub is 'rejection of Laundry women', Government, politics and institutions in Belfast in the early twentieth century, "Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee to establish the facts of State involvement with the Magdalen Laundries", "Report: Ireland oversaw harsh Catholic laundries", "Ireland apologises for Magdalene laundries", "Ireland's Magdalene laundries scandal must be laid to rest", "Depressing but not surprising: how the Magdalene Laundries got away with it", "Cork woman's quest to move her mother's remains from a Magdalene mass burial site", "Industrial school survivor slapped, kicked and 'forced to sleep with pigs for snoring', "State apology is only way to express wrong done to Magdalenes", "ras an Uachtarin among users of Magdalene laundry", "Magdalene premiere: Irish-made documentary airs tonight", "NEWS FEATURE: Survivors find redemption in an unlikely alliance", "UN panel urges Ireland to probe Catholic torture", "Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture", BBC: Irish PM: Magdalene laundries product of harsh Ireland, 5 February 2013, "State had 'significant' role in Magdalene laundry referrals", "Magdalene laundries: Ireland accepts state guilt in scandal: McAleese report finds police also bore responsibility in 'enslavement' of more than 30,000 women in institutions", "Irish PM says 'sorry' to laundries victims: Apology follows release of report blaming state for sending women and girls to work like "slaves at Magdalene Laundries", "Irish PM: Magdalene laundries product of harsh Ireland", "Magdalene laundries survivors threaten hunger strike: Women seeking redress from Irish state after being ordered to work unpaid in institutions run by Catholic church from 1920s", "Magdalene: Kenny declines to apologise for state role", "Tearful Kenny says sorry to the Magdalene women", "Magdalene Laundries: Irish PM Issues Apology", "Kenny "deeply regrets and apologises unreservedly" to Magdalene women in emotional speech", "Nuns Claim No Role in Irish Laundry Scandal", "Author battled clergy to gain first-hand experience of mother-and-baby homes", "UN calls for Magdalene laundries investigation, demands Vatican turn over child abusers to police", "UN criticises religious orders over refusal to contribute to Magdalene redress fund", "Irish religious orders confirm they will not pay Magdalene Laundry victims", "Akron Poetry Prize Book: Wild Rose Asylum", "Premiere: Bear's Den Preview Debut Album 'Islands', "Memorial unveiled dedicated to all incarcerated in Magdalene laundries", Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora, National Board for Safeguarding Children in the Catholic Church, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magdalene_Laundries_in_Ireland&oldid=1141824831, Articles with failed verification from November 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The Home was run by the Bon Secours Sisters, a religious order of Catholic nuns, that also operated the Grove Hospital in the town. But what are the known unknowns in a sea of misinformation? Hi readers, it seems you use Catholic Online a lot; that's great! Yet young families experiencing homelessness find there are few options for safe shelter and services for them. Crucially, Dr. Earner-Byrne reveals that when challenged by Britain to deal with the phenomenon of Irish single mothers reaching its shores, Irelands Department of External Affairs decided that the Church should take on the necessary remedial role, with the departments Secretary Joseph Walshe (1923-1946) quoted as stating: We need to place it on their [the Churchs] shoulders., Echoing Dr. Kennedys contention regarding the characterization of Catholic Ireland, Dr. Earner-Byrnes argues, This was not just a Catholic consensus. This is the Home that I was confined to in 1970. Your contribution will help us continue to make CWR available to all readers worldwide for free, without a subscription. They need everythingfood, clothing, shelter, medical care, and safety, plus education, vocational training, and life skills to achieve a secure future for themselves and their children. As the phenomenon became more widespread, it extended beyond prostitution to petty criminals, orphans, mentally disabled women and abused girls. Box 2240 Venice, FL 34284 26 The Company of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul was founded in Paris in 1633 by St . It was founded in 1765 by Lady Arabella Denny. Without it, their children are at higher risk for a range of issues, from developmental delays to repeated bouts of homelessness as they grow older, and the young parents themselves go untreated for the trauma and other issues that drove them to and have kept them homeless. "[23], An estimated 30,000 women were confined in these institutions in the 19th and 20th centuries,[24] about 10,000 of whom were admitted since Ireland's independence in 1922. A Commission of Inquiry can answer some of them. The June 3 story also contained an incorrect reference to the year that the orphanage opened; it was 1925, not 1926. Pregnant? Given Ireland's historically conservative sexual values, Magdalen asylums were a generally accepted social institution until well into the second half of the twentieth century. [38] It is the only Irish-made documentary on the subject and was launched at The Galway Film Fleadh 2009. She further asserted that this new definition resulted in even more suffering, "especially among those increasing numbers who were not prostitutes but unmarried mothersforced to give up their babies as well as their lives. Learning Resources - Free printable resources for schools, parishes, and more. sisters, and were scattered throughout the country "in prominent locations in towns and cities". Children also receive daily breakfast, lunch, and snacks while in school. The Irish government must be viewed with a cold eye, as they specifically asked the religious orders to take the leading role in child care and protection in the newly founded Irish state., Mr. Dunphy said that concerns were raised in Parliament in 1938 relating to reports of neglect in care institutions, yet absolutely no action was taken until the late 1970s, when an investigation was launched and its findings then roundly ignored., He believes that the truth is that the Irish government did not want to know what was being done with the illegitimate children of Irelands poor. Every year hundreds of thousands of children up to 1.1 million in the U.S. in a recent year live with a parent who is unhoused or facing homelessness. [36] At the time, there was concern in the Dil that workers in commercial laundries were losing jobs because of the switch to institutional laundries. Our Mothers House and Children First of Sarasota County partner to provide a Early Head Start program for the resident children. Nicole Abisinio, Author Insights: an Insider Look at Catholic Publishing. Smith, James. [3][63][64][65], In 2011 a monument was erected in Ennis at the site of the former Industrial School and Magdalene laundry in appreciation of the Sisters of Mercy. Foyer Has New Porcelain Tiles With A Newly Reno Washroom Hardwood Floors In The DiningLiving Area With Gas Fireplace Pot Lights . Volunteer [11], Finnegan wrote that based on historical records, the religious institutes had motivations other than simply wanting to curtail prostitution; these multiple motivations led to the multiplication of these facilities. The number of homeless mothers and children we've provided shelter and support to since 1985 has been more than 8,200. They show that post-revolutionary Irish society as a whole knew, and accepted, that illegitimate children, whether in institutions, with their mothers, or boarded out with others, were in greater danger of early death than legitimate children.. In 1999, former asylum inmates Mary Norris, Josephine McCarthy and Mary-Jo McDonagh gave accounts of their treatment. [1], Having lobbied the government of Ireland for two years for investigation of the history of the Magdalene laundries, advocacy group Justice for Magdalenes presented its case to the United Nations Committee Against Torture,[1] alleging that the conditions within the Magdalene laundries and the exploitation of their labourers amounted to human-rights violations. When we welcome a young mom or dad into one of our houses, we provide a host of wraparound services that both respond to their immediate needs and support them while they work on acquiring skills and knowledge that will allow them to build a stable life for themselves and their children. This year for the first time in its 14 year history the Caring Institute is honoring prolifer Kathy DiFiore of Ramsey, N.J. for her twenty years of sheltering unwed mothers and saving babies from abortion. Soon the fine was dropped and DiFiore has since led her Several Sources Foundation to new heights year after year. Historian Dr. Finola Kennedy feels that the investigation must concentrate on facts and not lurid headlines. [20] in stories published June 3 and June 8 about young children buried in unmarked graves after dying at a former Irish orphanage for the children of unwed mothers, The Associated Press incorrectly reported that the children had not received Roman Catholic baptisms; documents show that many children at the orphanage were baptized. The report said consent was not obtained from either the children's mothers or their guardians and the necessary licenses were not in place during the trials. Retrieved 29 June 2013. [33][34] For example, Mary Collins (herself a survivor of the industrial school system together), has campaigned with her daughter Laura Angela Collins for the right to the removal of her mother's remains from a mass grave which is owned by the Religious Sisters of Charity. They also attend weekly life skills classes, such as parenting, self-esteem, nutrition, and financial literacy. In the decades between World War II and Roe v. Wade, 1.5 million young women were secretly sent to homes for unwed mothers and coerced into giving their babies up for adoption. Located in Tuam, Ireland, St. Mary's was one of many unwed mothers homes run by the Catholic Church. According to Sarah Carey, a media commentator and radio presenter, the wild exaggerations piled onto these stories annoy me because the truth is horrible enough as it is.. It is unlikely that other, similar homeswhether run by the Church, state, or another religious denominationwere any less harsh. Find 3000 listings related to Good Counsel Homes For Unwed Mothers in Brea on YP.com. I just wanted those children to be remembered and for their names to go up on a plaque. But, according to David Quinn, director of the pro-religious think-tank the Iona Institute: The fact that some terrible things did happen in Church-run institutions is no excuse whatsoever. Learn about some of our young parents and their children who transformed their lives: Get information about how you can join us in transforming the lives of youth escaping homelessness and trafficking. Adela Sulimanis a London-based reporter for NBC News Digital. [57], In a detailed commentary by Bill Donohue, the president of the Catholic League, a U.S.-based advocacy group, published in July 2013, Donohue wrote, "No one was imprisoned, nor forced against her will to stay. Unmarried women, especially those who gave birth out-of-wedlock, were likely candidates. CATHOLIC CHARITIES DIOCESE OF VENICE, INC. These historical figures place current concerns about baby-home death rates from the past in a new perspective, according to Mr. Costello. A Washington Times headline screamed, Catholic Church Tossed 800 Irish Orphans into Septic Tank; Salons stated: An Irish Catholic Orphanage Hid the Bodies of 800 Children. More fuel was added to the fire by Father Brian Darcy, a liberal priest and darling of the Irish media, who likened the nuns behavior to that of the Nazis during the Holocaust. Newsletter Some 9,000 children died in Ireland's church-run homes for unwed mothers, a government report published on Tuesday found. For the next 36 years, it houses unmarried mothers and their children during a period when women were ostracised by Irish society and often by their own families if they became pregnant outside. The nearly 3,000-page report describes the emotional and even physical abuse some of the 56,000 unmarried mothers from farmhands to domestic servants were subjected to in the so-called mother-and-baby homes. The children were soon forgotten in the dash to hang their deaths as a crime around the neck of Catholic Ireland. Donate Now From scattered single family homes to high-rise apartments, public . [39], Since 2001, the Irish government has acknowledged that women in the Magdalene laundries were victims of abuse. She was a 'guinea pig' in an Irish institution. In addition 37 women died of gunshot wounds.. That is why I believe that we need a full-bodied investigation. According to historian Frances Finnegan, in the beginning of these asylums' existence, because many of the women had a background as prostitutes, the women (who were called "children") were regarded as "in need of penitence", and until the 1970s were required to address all staff members as "mother" regardless of age. We witness the love of Christ by promoting the dignity of life. The Sisters arranged to have the remains cremated and reburied in a mass grave at Glasnevin Cemetery, splitting the cost of the reburial with the developer who had bought the land. [59] The uncensored manuscript was discovered by Sutherland's grandson in 2013 and published in 2014. This was about six times the mortality rate among legitimate infants, the report found. That was why I did this project, and now it has taken [on] a life of its own.. Many of the. They reveal a far more complex situation in which the whole of Irish society was aware of these figures, but accepted them., Mr. Costello believes that the traumatic founding of the Irish state must also be considered. Unwed mothers, flirtatious women and others deemed unfit for society were forced to labor under the strict supervision of nuns for months or years, sometimes even for life. All rights reserved. Their numbers are a stark reflection of a period in Ireland when infant mortality in general was much higher than today, particularly in institutions, where infection spread rapidly. Divine Mercy House (DMH) is a Christian maternity home for women over the age of 18 facing a crisis pregnancy, with little to no help available to them, and who courageously choose life for their unborn babies. In July 1876, in Minneapolis, a small group of upper-class women, known as the Sisterhood of the Bethany, a Quaker religious society, joined together to establish the Bethany Home for Fallen Women, with the hope of giving unwed mothers a second chance. The choices the women at the time had were very limited. Single mothers find here housing programs available to help them in need of safe housing. The group of survivors that unveiled the stone stated that it feels more appropriate to them than the centre, as they have actually been involved in the decision-making process, unlike with the centre.[84]. Allegations about the conditions in the convents and the treatment of the inmates were made into a 2002 film The Magdalene Sisters, written and directed by Peter Mullan. "[40][41] In response the Irish government set up a committee chaired by Senator Martin McAleese, to establish the facts of the Irish state's involvement with the Magdalene laundries. Additionally, the state of Ireland and its government were heavily intertwined with religion. Decline in vocations to the priesthood is worse where priests serve larger flocks, report says, Vatican City, Jun 13, 2014 / 07:00 am (CNA/EWTN News).- In an interview granted with Spanish-language magazine La Vanguardia on Monday, Pope Francis lauded Pius XII for his efforts in saving Jews, discussed Orthodox-Catholic relations, []. YEARS IN BUSINESS (323) 664-2111. At that time, St. Anne's was regarded as a hiding place for young women to come in secrecy and to conceal their pregnancies from the community and their families. The story here is the appalling death rate. Adding, "It is a matter of great sorrow to us that babies died while under our care.". About 44% of young women and 18% of young men, ages 18-25, who face homelessness report being a parent or pregnant. Founded in 1908 by Bishop Thomas Conaty, St. Anne's began as a 12-bed hospital for pregnant, unwed, young mothers. The government Commission of Inquiry is expected to begin work within weeks. It later transpired that there were 22 more corpses than the sisters had applied for permission to exhume, and death certificates existed for only 75 of the original 133, despite it being a criminal offence to fail to register a death that occurs on one's premises. If you have already donated, we sincerely thank you. Copyright 2022 Catholic Online. Past Events CNA Staff, Jan 16, 2021 / 16:28 pm. If the commission is to paint a complete picture of what happened at the home, it will have to base its work on what is actually known and what can be uncovered. If you are a young parent in need of care, see below how we can help; then visit the Our Houses page on this website to find a Covenant House near you. With the multiplication of these institutions and the subsequent and "dramatic rise" in the number of beds available within them, Finnegan wrote that the need to staff the laundries "became increasingly urgent. She discovered an unmarked mass graveyard at Tuam, in the western county of Galway, which prompted an investigation that uncovered the remains of at least 700 children buried from 1925 to 1961, a report found in 2017. "For our part, we want to sincerely apologize to those who did not get the care and support they needed and deserved," the statement said. This museum is dedicated to the spirit of those men and women who have devoted their lives in service to others. Contact Numbers General Information & Donations: 617.436.8600 Fax: 617.288.8961 Our Mothers House is not currently taking applications. Former residents of a Protestant-run home in Dublin have also complained that their plight has been ignored. Two nuns caring for newborn babies, 1967 Getty By: Erin Blakemore April 7, 2021 3 minutes "It's better that I bear the grief and the mark instead of the child." Download the NBC News app for breaking news and politics. Results for 'homes for unwed mothers' Free World Class Education FREE Catholic Classes Filter Results by: All Saints Prayers Bible News Encyclopedia Shopping Video FREE Catholic Classes Polished Round Sterling Silver Rosary @ $199.97 Sterling Silver Swarovski Crystal Aurora Borealis 8mm Rosary @ $329.99 Between 1925 and 1961, 796 infants died. [60][61][62], The religious institutes, the Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, and Sisters of Charity, have refused demands from the Irish government, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child and the UN Committee Against Torture to contribute to the compensation fund for surviving victims, an estimated 600 of whom were still alive in March 2014. "We have no official history for the Magdalen asylum in twentieth-century Ireland", Smith wrote. Contrary to what has been reported, the laundries were not imposed on these women: they were a realistic response to a growing social problem [prostitution]. The licensed and certified program ensures the children are ready to enter the public school system. Almost all the institutions were run by female religious congregations," i.e. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Of course, many Catholics are unwilling to challenge a dominant media narrative, because so much of the awful wrongdoing members of the Church have been accused of in the past has turned out to be true. The only way we will come out of this particular period of our history is when the truth comes out, he said. [citation needed] This paralleled the practice in state-run lunatic asylums in Britain and Ireland in the same period, where many people with alleged "social dysfunction" were committed to asylums. What funds we had were spent on rebuilding., It was into such a reality that the nuns were so warmly received, including, lets not forget, those nuns who started the health services still benefitting Ireland today, she says. [14], In Dublin in 1993, the Sisters of Our Lady of Charity owners and operators of the laundry in High Park, Drumcondra had lost money in share dealings on the stock exchange; to cover their losses, they sold part of the land in their convent to a property developer. Every year hundreds of thousands of children up to 1.1 million in the U.S. in a recent year live with a parent who is unhoused or facing homelessness. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law. Politicians and Bishops in an Age of Absurdity and Bumper Stickers, The Cross is the doorway to communion with God. Children attend Early Head Start while mothers are in school or working. Catholic.org - with thousands of pages of magisterial content. [67][68], James Smith wrote that "Mullan offsets the long historical silence" that allowed the laundries and the violations of the religious institutes to "maintain their secrecy and invisibility".[69]. Print. CATHOLIC CHARITIES DIOCESE OF VENICE, INC. Our doors are open 24/7 in 34 cities across six countries and our high-quality programs are designed to empower young people to rise and overcome adversity, today and in the future. As this expansion was taking place and these laundries were becoming a part of a large network of institutions, the treatment of the girls was becoming increasingly violent and abusive. It was societal.. Lord, When Did We See You Hungry or Thirsty or a Stranger or Naked or Ill or in Prison? Where are Vatican II theology and authentic collegiality when you need them? Peggy Forrest And Dana Knox Wright April 12th, 2022 Christian talk radio with Judy Redlich CEO Peggy Forrest shares the mission and work of Our Lady's Inn on Bott Radio Network. There was a rush to believe the worst about the nuns and about Catholic Ireland. ", According to anonymous accounts in the report, women giving birth were sometimes "verbally insulted, degraded and even slapped.". [21] It was a Church of Ireland-run institution, and accepted only Protestant women. They displayed no remorse for the institutes' past: "Apologize for what? The Dublin Magdalen Asylum (sometimes called Magdalen Asylum for Penitent Females) on Lower Leeson Street was the first such institution in Ireland. Today, we are launching new initiatives to provide an enhanced model of comprehensive care focused on improving long-term outcomes to break the cycle of homelessness for the young families in our care. While the media rushed to exaggeration, misinformation, and fabrication, the real societal ills behind the deaths of 800 Irish children were largely overlooked. Instead, Martin said the report revealed "significant failures of the state and of society," and hoped the publication would be a catalyst for social change. Mrs. Corless, who lives near the site of the Tuam mother and baby home, has been working for several years on records associated with the institution.

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